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Research and Publications: Recent
Publications
Peer-Reviewed Publications: Abstract
Biomechanical principles of cartilage and bone tissue engineering
Gordana Vunjak Novakovic and Steven A. Goldstein
1 FUNCTIONAL TISSUE ENGINEERING OF CARTILAGE AND BONE 02
1.1 The Clinical Problem 02
1.2 Material Properties of Native Cartilage
and Bone 02
1.3 Biomechanical Principles 04
1.4 Standards of Success 04
1.5 Testing Methods 07
1.6 Pre-clinical and Clinical Evaluation 09
2 REPRESENTATIVE STUDIES 11
2.1 Cartilage Engineered In Vivo 11
2.2 Cartilage Engineered In Vitro 30
2.3 Bone Engineered In Vivo 33
2.4 Bone Engineered In Vitro 37
3 MODULATION OF ENGINEERED TISSUE PROPERTIES 37
3.1 Cell Related Factors 37
3.2 Scaffold Related Factors 39
3.3 Biomaterial Hydrodynamics 40
3.4 Regulatory Molecules 41
3.5 Duration of Culture 44
3.6 Physical Signals 48
4 CASE STUDIES 50
4.1 Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Cells,
Biomaterial Scaffolds and Bioreactors 51
4.2 Bone Tissue Engineering With the Use of
Calcium Phosphate Cement 51
4.3 Bone Tissue Engineering Utilizing Local
Gene Delivery 53
5 SUMMARY 55
Tissue engineering combines the principles of biology, engineering and medicine to create biological substitutes or enhance the repair of lost or defective tissues. Cells, biomaterial scaffolds and regulatory factors can be utilized in a variety of ways to generate functional tissue structures, either
in vitro (using bioreactors) or in vivo (following surgical implantation). The primary functions of orthopaedic tissues are biomechanical in nature, and the main goal of all orthopaedic tissue engineering is the restoration of normal biomechanical functions. We shall discuss thebiomechanical principles of cartilage
and bone tissue engineering, in the context of clinical needs and the current state of the art
of functional tissue engineering. We focus on representative studies that involved the utilization of physical and biological factors to enhance tissue development
in vitro or in vivo, and the characterization of the engineered constructs and repair tissues toward the likelihood of their functional success following implementation. The paradigm of functional tissue engineering (i.e., can an in vitro tissue engineered construct as a replacement within the highly loaded regions of the musculoskeletal system
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