2. At the moment, computer searches for title- and key-words under "meme..." etc yield modest relevant results.
3. [Note on Simmell etc. How do children learn money's magic?]
4. Good/bad money - costs of reproduction below value. Analogy with cheaters and invasion conditions.]
5. [Note on Paracelsus' carpenter.]
6. [Note forward to Dawkins' EP, and dissolution of organism (Norms, webs, dissolution of organism, social as superorganic, SSSM)]
7. [Note Thales, water, etc. S eventually succumber to size and digestive limitations (check detail). But will money go on for ever? (Invention and institutions/grandmother)]
8. [Note: children (animals) have no morals, house training etc]
9. [Note: Here (or cross refer to later section) on charitable giving, monetisation of meaning, professionalisation of giving. Modern professionalisation and the pursuit of a universal numeraire; metaskills in coordinating, marginalising, the use of more concrete (old-style professional, craft etc) skills.]
10. [Dawkins version (b), Lumsden & Wilson, Feldmam Ball, Delius - other individual epidemiological / parasitological examples.]
11. Note: the distinction is an even more one difficult memes than for organisms 9ref forward, Extended Phenotype.
12. [Note to Parvus et al.]
13. "Evolutionary psychology" (such as Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby (eds) (1992)) directs generic criticisms at the "standard social science model" (or SSSM) in favour of an Integrated Causal Model (or ICM) as giving proper weight to adaptations to hunter-gatherer existence. [Debate not new: give potted history from eg Durkheim, via {Marx,Hegel - objective idealism} via US anthropology & sociology, to moscovici etc] See also Frazer, Barkow, E&B special Issue. Cross refer to SSSM.
14. Note on Just do it - ie the programme? - and debate in Ethology and Sociobiology. [Suggest inescapability of nature/nurture, memes as part of the environment of genes]
15. Basalla estimates, on the basis of US data alone, that the number of distinguishable technical inventions patented exceeds
16. See Donald Norman, The Design of Everyday Things, on hundreds of objects visible from his desk, and Irving Biederman on concrete nouns in a dictionary.
17. [Note on myths, Genesis, ark, herbals]
18. [Note on biological functionalism]
19. [Note on Darwin's and Mendel]
20. [Note: taxonomy theories]
21. For example, Campbell (1969), Dawkins (1976, 1982) Lumsden and Wilson (1985), Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981), Rosenberg (1982) Boyd and Richerson (1985), Maynard Smith (1988), Lumsden (1989). More specifically on the meme meme, see Hull (1982, 1988), Ball (1984), Heyes and Plotkin (1989), Delius (1989, 1991), Dennett (1990, 1991). Philosophers arguing versions of "evolutionary epistemology" include Popper (1972), Toulmin (1972), Campbell (1974), Bradie (1986) and Hull (1988).
22. On technological evolution: Gilfillan (1935, 1964), Jewkes, Sawers and Stillerman (1958), Steadman (1979), Elster (1983), Dupuy (1984), Basalla (1988) Petroski (1990?, 1993). Boulding (1981) Saviotti and Metcalfe (1991) and Hodgson (1993) discuss evolutionary ideas in economics. Kroeber and Kluckhohn
(1952), White (1975), Pulliam and Dunford (1980) and Durham (1990) consider the evolution of culture more generally.
23. [See Ball, Sperber, Smith, Denett, Barkow (on gossip?) plus cross-refer to my fuller treatment below]
24. [Note (plus overview on epidemiology of belief?
25. [Or put later, near end?:... as in Kroeber's (1917 and later) notion of culture as "superorganic", or, more recently, as in White's (1975) "culturology".
26. For reviews see Reeve and Sherman (1993), [and selected refs therein].
27. [That is, human nature as C&T express it. But qualify on more recent modifications.]
28. Note on Luther, preaching, printing etc.
29. "The relationship between religion and science is an intimate one, but a most important aspect of the Christian religion alone is its role in supporting and fostering rational thinking. A key concept in Christian thought is that of order and law as manifested by God, the Creator" (Wolpert,1992)
30. [Note on Elster, Explaining technological change, etc, and less formal evolutionary accounts of culture: E's causal, functional, teleological domains. Methodological spectrum of animal behaviouralists: machines to quasi-humans.]
31. [Notes on: 1 99%; 2 bias in survival ratios in fossil etc records.]
32. Williams: reshuffling the present pack alone (distinguish from historical ingredients in analysing adaptations).
33. David (1986, 1987) discusses examples, including the "embryological" fixity of the (less than optimal) QWERTY keyboard.
34. [See Hodgson and sources, on three-body and multiple genome problems. Also cross-refer to problem of surplus, below.]
35. [Note (or cross-reference to later) on loops and historical cyclicity etc.]
36. Improve example (Wolpert, Embryo]
37. Lorenzo da Ponte, Preface for the libretto of The Marriage of Figaro (Figaro's Wedding), c1785.
38. Williams, Natural Selection, on male urogenital system tubing.
39. Brunvand (1993), a student of US urban legends, makes a similar point from a slightly different angle:
"Consider, for a moment, how legends evolve - or, in some cases, devolve. Sometimes we folklorists talk about stories as if they're alive. We say an urban legend like "The Vanishing Hitchhiker" was born in a particular era, spread, changed, and eventually may die out... I remembered this when I read...(down to)...they succeed."40. [Note/cross-refer to wants, needs, surplus etc sections, below.]
41. [Check sources: Gibbon, plus Dunham, Armstrong.]
42. [Later in main text: Deeper, more serious, question of what a meme's function is.]
43. Edelman's view, in turn, has similarities to Dennett's (CE) account of how learning a language engraves the individual's psyche and defines meaningful channels of input and output. Loftus (1979) describes her experimental work, showing the active selection to which memes are subject when in "storage" in the memories of eyewitnesses. Heyes and Plotkin (1989) argue for the "metaphorically Lamarckian" transmission of characteristics which memes acquire.
44. [Develop group selection argument more systematically and carefully. Outline Wynn Edwards arguments on population density and "group" (as opposed to individual) fitness. See on midges,
lekking groups, etc. Add short passage on game theory bases of cooperation.]
45. Williams, 1992, on "intellectual laziness".
46. [Wolpert: "cell, molecular behaviour: long way from this in social, psychological phenomena"]
47. [Moscovici on anti-psychologism]
48. [Cosmides & Tooby, in van Dongen, on war; Fraser, Anatomy.]
49. [FM Cornford: Propaganda is that branch...]
50. [Link to money]
51. [Nixon, sociobiology?]
52. [The proliferation of feminist memes against sexual harrassment is interesting. Feminist politicians are (implicitly) divided over whether their memes should be targetted chiefly against other memes, or genes (see Roiphe, Barkow, Mackinnon). Implications of decoupling sexual functions from inclusive fitness.]
53. [Cross refer SSSM below, restate problems more clearly there.]
54. [Dawkins allows that memes lack DNA-based life's apparatus for replication-with-variation: "Memes seem to have nothing equivalent to chromosomes, and nothing equivalent to alleles" (1976, 211). [return below (near end) to problem of integrated differentiation. Explanation as rationalization, the removal of mystery, science - what follows?]]
55. [note on emancipation from the body, inter-species transmission, performing humans and their pets and machines, Holy Ghost, etc?]
56. Nishida (1987). [Add notes on primate imitation, machiavellian behaviour and conceptualisation of the other; Wilson: The Promising Primate. Transpersonal chaining of intentions. Expand on sense in which primate ability to imitate/copy others is a special case. Cf predation, birds, parental investment in behaviour, tree communication etc, generally] [Similar processes {of imitation}, "domesticated" by educational institutions which have themselved evolved, are fundamental in human behaviour and significant in the domestication and/or reproduction of some other species.]
57. On imitation see Galef (1988) and Heyes and Plotkin (1989).
58. [Expand and clarify on genes as replicators of minimum complexity. Just as there can be, even conceptually, no such thing as a "free floating" gene (in what would it consist? a nucleic acid sequence (or sequentially linked set of sequences) of undecideable context, length, and function, determining an undefinable trait, in an unidentifiable species?), so there can be no such thing as a "free meme". Exemplify: relation not thing. J Ross' intuition. Reification of counsciousness.]
59. [The end, without the means ]
60. [Illustrate diversity].
61. [Footnote on Middle East origins, materials (Reading the Past, BM vol)]
62. [Note on medieval debates, hist of rhetoric (Marrou), history of western punctuation.]
63. [Wittfogel, Needham, eventual source?]
64. [Note on moves to Latinise Russian.]
65. [Eisenstein etc.] [Add on biological error checking.]
66. [Extend Battery]
67. [Notes: 1 Expand on selection of humans, recent expansion of old age, disability (and cultural consequences) (does social transformation justify Herzen's juggernaut - highway code?). 2 Ref on feral children and wild animals. 3 Vic F: on suntanning and apartheid.]
68. [Aside note on juke boxes metaphor.]
69. [Marx on the senses as the work of world history.]
70. [See both his arguments against function as an efficient cause, and his biographical accounts of inventors as critics (and Wilde, The Critic as Artist).
71. [Note on early printed texts simulating manuscript.]
72. [Szelenyi etc on "surplus consciousness"]
73. [Note: What difference does this make to selective pressures, perception? (The senses as the work of history.) Spell out suggestions analytically. Important works are all well-produced for their specialised modes of replication. Seminal works. Link to intellientsia as meme replicators, like factories. Learning of academic knowledge.]
74. [Note: Hegel's (vs Kant) intuition on the double movement of becoming. First the potential/idea, then the causes. But can be/is also inverted.]
75. [Note on nests, bowers, elaboration, sexual selection, function, biological and social "surpluses" (sexual selection as part of costs of greater efficiency, aesthetics as elaborated equipment for greater efficiency). Selective preferences arising from recognition devices, Arak et al.]
76. [Note on complexity when 3+ species interact. Crawley, rev by Simms]
77. Echoing his sentence a few lines earlier: "The ultimate prize in the competition between genes is representation in the gene pool."
78. [Note/section on equilibriation among forms of money, life (numeraire?), any mass of commensurable material, organism size and lifetime - link on to information streams/levels. Commensurability required for equilibriation to take place?]
79. [Note: Evolution of several/many functions in one organ. The vertabrate body-plan, similarly, has undergone modifications along numerous different lines of development. Spread of monetisation through meme-pool: can we separate, eg, predation and reproduction?]
80. [Note on game theory, tit-for-tat reciprocity, cooperation.]
81. "Ascetic" memes are often equivalent to Ball's "parasitic" memes. Often but not always; under conditions of generalised luxury asceticism does not always lower inclusive fitness.
82. [Source, check]
83. [Haraztsi, A Worker in a workers state, on classes and species.]
84. [Note on the course this might take under authoritarian gynocracy?]
85. [Note/Expand on: Carrot and donkey, "madness" of other species, other classes, when manipulated. Affluent/affluence meme will spend on trivia what poor labourer can earn in a week (what is the limiting resource?). Other classes as other species: law in its universal safety-net. Money as numeriare and qualitative disequaliser, differentiator. Lose chains/unintentional chainings of (others') intentions.]
86. [Note: Tension between law's own overall streamlining adaptations, and adaptations which accomodate parasites - lawyers - on which it has evolved to be reliant (symbiotic). The latter press in the direction of greater specialisation, complexity, costs. (Law Society as law's parasitism on society.)]
87. [Note: Sentence contrasting law before money and under full monetization. Insurance, morality etc?]
88. [Note: cross refer to passage below on status, order, ordering and surplus].
89. [Note: problem/solution.]
90. [Norms and "difference".]
91. [Expand, contrast with traffic-flow, rules, indicators, (political correctness). Le Bon, Trotter etc.]
92. [Note: Expand on herd/crowd behaviour]
93. [Note on body space, space in human society more generally (Amsden on LA, Jane Jacobs on Cities, and more recent book). Intimate territoriality, preferences of habitat, landscape.]
94. [Note on military organization. Drill and Frederick the Great's reforms. On below.]
95. [The differences between commuter crowd and army are relative. umbrella/bayonet A speculation: does the greater shock effect of and inhibitions against bodily contact in the middle class have to do with a more developed sense of the body as private property - the symbiotic/mutual reinforcement of legal and "personal" memes?]
96. [References to sources. [Add on: testuda; Pavlov's bell/ 'shun: command as conditioned reflex based on symbolic meme.]
97. [La Plante: love not obedience as glue in combat. (Attachment behaviour.) See also on barrow-boy selection of factual elements of dramas. - Interview, 14 November 1993]
98. [Trist/Tavistock on the coal face crew as an example of meme evolution/experimentation] [Note on invisible global colleges, email conferences etc and their problems of distance.]
99. [There might be other universes, but we should be ill-equipped to recognise them.]
100. [Note: crystal forms and fluids.]
101. [Note: Genes, speciation, sex, kin, sociality, memes - recap? or find a way to skip the stuff on general biology?]
102. [Contrasting examples.]
103. [Aphorism: genes chain in space, memes chain in time. In both cases: orderings within orderings within orderings, etc]
104. [Life cycle of sneeze, dissolution of the organism etc.]
105. [Note: cross refer to Durkheim above. Niche of SSSM. Also on threatened species - do (certain types of) memes threaten man; animals in a zoo. SSSM can only flourish in "artificial" habitat etc. Expand on that point in meme-evolution (diversification) when competition itself creates niches.]
106. [Note: semiology.]
107. [Sahlins (1977) is a polemical example from an anthropologist. Hirst and Wooley (1982) and Moscovici ( ) are criticisms of such "chinese walls" from within social science.]
108. Moscovici quotes Veyne's complaint that the outlook has overtaken even such fields as classical studies:
"Our age is so convinced that great rational or material forces guide the course of history from behind the scenes that anyone who is content to explain modes of behaviour (which of necessity pass through the psychology of their actors, ie through their bodies if not their thought) and does not resort to the use of these explanatory forces will be accused of cutting short his explanation at psychology" (qu Moscovici 1993, p11)109. [Note?: Example of confusion: LS Gazette/Mackinnon on nature hand in hand with culture (necessity as dominance, and vv)?]
110. [History of marginalism, banal capital.]
111. [Link to numeraire]
112. [Or technical change. The last thirty years have seen a revolution in digital computing. Processing power that cost millions of dollars and filled a room in the 1960s now costs a few hundred dollars and fits easily on a desk. Software design has shifted from saving on computer capacity to marshalling the operators attention more effectively (postmodernity).]
113. [Note on history (Blaug, Roll, more recent), years of theory, and neo-neoclassicals (Harcourt)]
114. [Sraffa, Robinson.]
115. [Note and qualifications.]
116. [Note: Expand this list as an explained paragraph, add ex ante/ex post, production function v growth?, embodied versus exogenous technical progress]
117. [History vs equilibrium, existence vs uniqueness, express in "fossil" terms?]
118. [Note: amplify?]
119. [Note: Do loose ends remain: for example, life forms in which population numbers are indeterminate, or where there is a trade off in terms of the relative "success" of variants between reproductive success and body size [eg where sustenance is the limiting resource?? - see JBSH On Being]. [Or, to take a slightly different example - tumours and infection. A pure tumour is a: variant with accelerated diviision, but no (lost?) organism development algorithm. Closed loops: organisms as successful adaptations of tumour-soup evolution? Cancer as genome. [Distinguish the TWO in ANALOGY; memetic "cancers" and ethical paradoxes]. Compare effects of more offspring and bigger offspring. Or bigger territory, bigger range through lower feeding efficiency etc.]
120. The paradoxes arise in moral valuation as well as theoretical analysis. Here is Mikhailovsky's collective "postmodernist" version of progress:
"Progress is the gradual approach to the integral individual, to the fullest posible and most diversified division of labour among man's organs and the least possible division of labour among men. Everything that impedes this advance is immoral, unjust, pernicious, and unreasonable. Everything that diminishes the heterogeneity of society, and thereby increases the heterogeneity of its members is moral, just, reasonable and beneficial." (Mikhailovsky 1872?, qu Pomper, 109)
Mysticism is more realistic: there are many steps and many paths to enlightenment (Crook on variety + flow).
121. [Explain examples of organic fuzziness, mention amorphous biota?]
122. Williams (1992, p15): "...optimization models (Chapter 5), and related devices depend critically on the exclusively vertical transmission on genetic materials".
123. [Note: qualify, fluctuations, uncertainty etc]
124. [Note: egs, history of money, taxation.] [Note/passage on problems of defining species as co-adapted adaptations; meme parallels (QSB 1993)]
125. Veblen (expand?):
"an evolutionary economics must be a theory of a process of cultural growth as determined by the economic interest, a theory of a cumulative sequence of economic institutions stated in terms of the process itself" (Veblen, 1898, qu Hodgson, 130)126. [Note: Clarify, expand pool and subpool metaphor, connect with differences between sexual differentiation and speciation?]
127. [eg Ireland v Japan, Y? Mead on paradise. Feral children. Language acquisition (cf Dennett).]
128. [Note: rates of meme mutation tend to accelerate exponentially. Countervailing factors in traditionalist periods. But not only modern times. Design variety.]
129. [Baker, qu Parkes. Insert cryphia in text?]
130. Dennett (1990, 130) is more sanguine:
"We would not survive unless we had a better than chance habit of choosing the memes that help us...We can rely, as a rule of thumb, on the coincidence of the two perspectives. By and large, the good memes are the ones that are also the good replicators."131. [Caveat note on species metaphors. Image: flower, parrot, p. Limits of species analogy. Aristotle on ontogeny.]
132. [Note: add section on eradication of pests, diseases?]
133. [Note on progress, difficulties of defining it etc. But it may be possible to recognise and analyse acceleration even if we have difficulties with progress (as differentiation and integration treat constants as arbitrary?)]
134. [Note expanding, with references - and cross-reer to Van Valen and Williams above]