History

Professor Virginia G. Drachman, Chair; Arthur Jr. and Lenore Stern Chair in American History; Women in the U.S., medicine and society in the U.S., modern U.S.
Professor Leila Fawaz, Issam M. Fares Chair in Lebanese and Eastern Mediterranean Studies,  Middle East
Professor Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Prince of Asturias Chair in Spanish Culture and Civilization; Spanish, colonial, environmental, and global
Professor Ayesha Jalal, South Asia, the Muslim world
Professor Gary P. Leupp, Japan
Professor Howard L. Malchow, Modern Britain, Europe
Professor George J. Marcopoulos, Southeastern Europe, Byzantine history, and European diplomatic history
Professor Steven P. Marrone, Medieval, early modern Europe
Professor Daniel Mulholland, Russia and modern Germany
Professor Martin J. Sherwin, Walter S. Dickson Professor of English and American History; Recent U.S. history and foreign policy
Professor Reed Ueda, Industrial and urban U.S. history, immigration, American social history, comparative and world history
Professor Peter Winn, Latin America
Associate Professor Gerald Gill, African-American and recent U.S. history, U.S. South since 1865
Associate Professor Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Darakjian and Jafarian Chair in Armenian History; Armenia and cross-cultural world history
Associate Professor Beatrice F. Manz, Middle East and Inner Asia
Associate Professor Jeanne Penvenne, Africa; Labor and social history of Mozambique
Assistant Professor Shruti Kapila, Usen Family Career Development Professorship at Tufts University; South Asian history
Assistant Professor Ya-Pei Kuo, China
Lecturer Barbara Driscoll, Latino/a history
Adjunct Professor Gregory R. Crane, Winnick Family Chair in Technology and Entrepreneurship; Greek literature, computers  and classics 
Adjunct Professor R. Bruce Hitchner, Roman history, archaeology and international relations
Adjunct Professor John C. Perry, Japanese diplomatic history
Adjunct Associate Professor Steven W. Hirsch, Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern history
Adjunct Associate Professor Winifred Rothenberg, Economic history
Adjunct Senior Lecturer John C. Schneider, U.S. urban and social history
Adjunct Lecturer Steven Cohen, History, political science and philosophy, curricula instruction, practice of teaching history and political science

The study of history reveals the past, enlightens the present, and influences the future. Historians seek to understand how nations, societies, and individuals have lived and thought, and why they have behaved the way they did. Supplying the context that informs art, ideas, institutions, and events, history illuminates all of human experience.

Students of history apply the tools of critical analysis and imaginative synthesis. Trained to examine evidence carefully and evaluate received interpretations of the past, they construct their own understanding of historical processes and occurrences, building on the foundation of primary sources and the writings of other historians.

The Department of History offers a wide range of courses designed to meet the needs and interests of students with differing concerns and levels of preparation. General surveys (numbered below 100) cover entire periods, fields, or geographic areas, while thematic courses (numbered 100 to 179, 190-197) provide more specific, comparative, or regional perspectives. Foundation Seminars (announced each semester and numbered History 1XX) introduce undergraduate majors to the historian's craft. Research seminars (numbered 180 to 187) provide them with the opportunity to practice it through a significant research project. Students interested in specialized work are encouraged to explore independent study or to consider the option of writing a senior honors thesis.

Undergraduates may adopt history as either a major or a minor concentration. The history graduate program offers the M.A. degree, with the option of earning a certificate in museum studies, and (in a limited number of fields) the Ph.D.

Undergraduate Concentration Requirements
The history major requires completion of a minimum of ten courses, ordinarily to be taken within the department. (History courses taken at Tufts' programs abroad or transferred from other accredited institutions may be counted toward the minimum of ten courses.) However, in consultation with their adviser, majors may petition the chair of the department (normally prior to taking such courses) to count up to two courses from outside the department in cases where it may be difficult or impossible to complete their concentration core (see below) within the department. Such courses may not count toward either of the seminar requirements.

Of the ten courses, the following are required:

1) One foundation seminar (a high-demand course) to be completed during the sophomore year or as soon as possible after declaration of the major.
2) One course covering the pre- and early-modern period.
3) One course in U.S. history, one in European history, and one in any two of the following areas: Africa, Latin America, the Middle East or Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia.
4) Four or more courses to serve as a coherent concentration (which may be defined geographically or topically).
5) One research seminar (a high-demand course) to be taken within the history department at Tufts. 

In consultation with their adviser, majors should prepare for their research seminar by taking courses, either at Tufts or abroad, that build toward this capstone experience. Ordinarily a research seminar will form part of the major's core concentration. Those intending to write a Senior Honor's Thesis (see below) should plan to take their research seminar in the second semester of their junior year or, at the latest, the first semester of their senior year.

(Please note that in some instances the same course may be used to fulfill more than one of these conditions.)

Undergraduate Minor Program
The department offers a minor in history requiring a minimum of five courses in history to which the following conditions apply:

1) One history course covering the pre- or early-modern period.
2) One history course in at least two of three areas: North America, Europe, other world areas (e.g., Africa, Middle East, Asia, or Latin America).
3) Three courses developed as a coherent core in consultation with an adviser in the history department.

(Please note that some courses within the five may be used to fulfill more than one of the above conditions.)

Departmental Honors
When nominating seniors for honors the department looks carefully at qualitative issues--especially performance in work beyond the introductory, survey-course level (advanced courses, seminars, and independent study)--and not simply GPA and the number of A grades earned. History majors intending to pursue thesis honors should consult their advisers and the guidelines described under Thesis Honors Program in this bulletin.

Graduate Program
The Department of History offers qualified students a small, selective program of graduate study, organized around comparative and regional topics, the preparation of specified fields, and individual research in consultation with a faculty member. Teaching assistantships are available to the best-qualified graduate students, providing a valuable experience in classroom teaching.

Master of Arts
The master's program is designed both to prepare students for doctoral programs in history and to enhance the historical knowledge and interpretative skills of professionals working in secondary schools, libraries, foundations, and museums. Students planning a career in the museum field may choose to coregister in the certificate program in museum studies (see below).

GRE scores (verbal, quantitative, analytical) and, if appropriate, TOEFL, are required for admission to the graduate history program. Admissions are contingent, in part, on an appropriate match between faculty and student interest. Completion of the program requires proven reading proficiency in at least one foreign language. Anyone not meeting the language requirement at the time of matriculation must indicate a plan to acquire this knowledge within two years.

Normally, students are expected to complete the program within two academic years. The successful completion of ten courses is required. These courses must include the following: the historiography proseminar (fall), a graduate colloquium (spring), and two research courses.

Up to two of the ten courses required for the master's degree may, by prior agreement with the principal adviser, be taken in a department other than history. Students may take selected undergraduate courses, numbered 1 through 99, for graduate credit by enrollment in the related 200-level readings course by arrangement with the principal adviser and the relevant instructor. Graduate students may not take undergraduate colloquia. Appropriate courses offered by the Fletcher School will be accepted by petition.

In consultation with the student's principal adviser and a field committee chosen before the end of the first semester of graduate work, each student will choose two fields of study to be prepared for examination. These fields may be regional or comparative in focus. The student and the committee will design a sequence of courses that will best prepare the student for examinations in each field; these examinations will be taken at least six weeks prior to graduation.

A student may devote two out of ten courses to the writing of a thesis. The subject of the thesis must be chosen in consultation with the principal adviser, and a written proposal must be submitted for approval to a thesis committee containing at least one member from outside the department. The thesis committee shall evaluate the completed thesis and conduct an oral examination of the student on the topic of the thesis. The student whose thesis proposal is accepted by the thesis committee will be excused from examination in one of the required two fields of study; the determination of the excused field is to be made by the student's field committee. Work on the thesis will count as one of the two required research courses.

In the last year of graduate study the student will present a research project drawn from graduate course work at Tufts to an ongoing graduate history roundtable for critical discussion.

Museum Studies Program
The museum studies program provides qualified postbaccalaureate students with professional training in the administration, preservation, and interpretation skills required for a career in the museum field. Course work may be pursued on a single-course basis, as a candidate in the certificate program, or as a candidate in the combined master of arts in history and museum studies. The certificate in museum studies requires completion of the museum studies foundation course, three elective courses, and the internship. Students interested in the museum studies courses or the certificate program should contact the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies.

Criteria for admission to the combined master's program in history and museum studies are the same as those for the master's degree. The requirements for completion of a master's degree in history and museum studies are:

1) The successful completion of eleven courses, including the historiography proseminar, at least one research course, the museum studies foundation course, three museum studies elective courses, and the museum studies internship.
2) Preparation of one regional or comparative field of study and examination in that field (see requirements in preceding description of master's degree in history). A thesis is optional.
3) The presentation of one research project drawn from course work to the graduate history roundtable.

Doctor of Philosophy
The Ph.D. program in history accepts only well-prepared students who intend to work closely with a particular Tufts faculty member in a limited number of fields. Students in the Tufts M.A. program may apply to be transferred into the Ph.D. program after one year of study, and the department will consider applications from students who have completed a master's degree in history or the equivalent elsewhere.

Training for the doctorate in history is available in the following areas:
1) Modern Spanish History
2) Modern South Asian History

Requirements for admission are as follows: exceptional performance in master's degree course work; proficiency on entrance in at least one foreign language (proficiency in two foreign languages is required before completion of degree); GRE (aptitude section only), and, if appropriate, TOEFL; detailed statement of intent, including discussion of planned dissertation field; the written support of a primary Tufts faculty sponsor, who will have arranged for at least one other faculty supervisor. Students admitted with a master's degree from another university will be allowed to transfer up to eight course credits.

Requirements for completion of the degree are as follows: proficiency in two foreign languages; completion of sixteen courses at the graduate level, including the historiography proseminar, three graduate colloquia, and at least three semesters of independent readings or research; oral or written examinations in three fields (based on course work and readings) administered by the faculty supervisors and other appropriate members of the department; dissertation directed by the faculty supervisors, to be read by and defended before a committee including the primary adviser, at least one other member of the department, and a third faculty member in the field drawn, if possible, from another institution. 

Survey Courses
Open to undergraduate students only

1XX Foundation Seminar.

3XX Introductory Special Topics General.

6 World Trade, 1000-2000. Worldwide cross-cultural trade as the roots of today's global economy. Merchant communities, trade diaspora, and trade routes. From silk roads to oil tankers; commercial networks from medieval merchants to e-commerce. An exploration of the ties between trade and civilization, capitalism, nationalism, and state-building. Emphasis on the early modern and modern periods. Baghdiantz-McCabe

10 Europe to 1815. Eastern and Western Europe from the decline of the Roman Empire in the West through the medieval era into early modern times, ending with a thorough examination of the background of the French Revolution and Napoleon. The religious, secular, economic, social, political, and diplomatic processes which have had a lasting impact on modern European institutions and developments. Marcopoulos

11 Europe since 1815. The forces that shaped and characterized the history of Eastern and Western Europe from the Congress of Vienna into the contemporary era. Topics include nationalism, ethnic consciousness, the Industrial Revolution, political ideologies, the development of nation-states, Great Power diplomacy, the impact of the "Eastern Question," the disruptions of the First and Second World Wars with resulting consequences, and the current conditions of the European states. Marcopoulos

13XX Introductory Special Topics: Europe.

14 Race, Nationalism, and Modern Europe. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century European tribalism. Contrasting definitions of the nation, processes of assimilation and exclusion, and the politics of imperialism, racism, and anti-Semitism. At least one-third of the course will treat the period since the Second World War. Malchow

16 History of Ancient Greece. (Cross-listed as Classics 37.) The historical development of ancient Greece and the interaction of society, politics, and culture in Greek civilization, from the Mycenaean civilization commemorated by Homer to the conquests of Alexander the Great and the diffusion of the Greek way of life in the succeeding Hellenistic Age. Special attention given to the relationship of the Greeks to other peoples of the ancient Mediterranean and Near East and to examination of literary and documentary sources. Fall. Hirsch

17 History of Ancient Rome. (Cross-listed as Classics 38.) The history of ancient Rome, tracing Rome's rise from an insignificant Italian community to the ruler of the Mediterranean world, and ending with the transfer of the imperial capital to Constantinople in A.D. 330. Emphasis on the interaction of Rome with various foreign peoples, and examination of literary and documentary sources. Spring.

20 Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Western Europe and the Mediterranean world from the late Roman Empire to the middle of the eleventh century. An examination of the decline of classical society and the emergence of a distinctively medieval world. Topics include the propagation of Christianity, the appearance and early transformation of Western European kingship, the spread of manorialism and the development of a feudal system, the creation of knighthood and serfdom, the flowering of monasticism, and the production of early medieval art and literature. Emphasis will be given to a critical reading of historical sources. Marrone

21 Europe in the High Middle Ages. Western Europe from the middle of the eleventh to the beginning of the fifteenth century, the period of the flowering and decline of medieval culture and society. Topics include the economic revolution of the twelfth century, the growth of towns and development of urban culture, the reform of the church, the challenge of heresy and the emergence of popular religion, the consolidation of knighthood and the creation of an ideal of chivalry, scholasticism and vernacular literature, Romanesque and Gothic art and architecture, and the social and cultural crisis of the fourteenth century. Emphasis will be given to a critical reading of historical sources. Marrone

22 Renaissance and Reformation. Social and cultural developments in Europe from about 1350 to 1648. Topics include the development of humanism, the growth of courts and the city-state, innovations in arts and letters, the prominence of the bourgeoisie, Protestant revolution and Catholic reformation, the wars of religion, the discovery of the New World and the expansion of Europe, and the rise of nation-states. Marrone

24 Early Modern Europe and the World. Society and culture, trade and empire; commerce, science, and the arts in seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe. Emphasis on globalization and its impact on European ideas about life and death, religion, family, material goods, nature, and government. The importance of the world in the making of Europe and Europe's self-image; the cultural climate that led to the scientific revolution, industrialization, colonization, and the French Revolution. Baghdiantz-McCabe

27 Early and Imperial Russia to 1855. Eurasia and the origin of the East Slavs. The rise of Kiev and Russian Orthodoxy. The Mongol yoke and the rise of Muscovy. Autocracy and enserfment. Servile insurrections. Cultural schism. Muscovy as a European great power. Peter the Great and the service state. St. Petersburg. Gentry power and culture. The Fatherland War of 1812. The Decembrist movement and reaction. Westerners, Slavophiles, the intelligentsia. The failure of autocracy. (History 27, 28, and 29 are offered sequentially.) Mulholland

28 Russia in Revolution, 1855-1930. The era of reforms. Revolutionary responses. The Russian novel. The emergence of capitalism and of new classes. Revolution in 1905, and attempt at autocratic reform. Russia in the First World War. The revolutions of 1917, Bolshevism, and civil war. The New Economic Policy. The rise of Stalin. (History 27, 28, and 29 are offered sequentially.) Mulholland

29 Modern Russia. The five-year plans, industrialization, collectivization, urbanization, and cultural revolution. The great terror. The Second World War. The Soviet Union as a hegemonic world power. High Stalinism and the cold war. Khrushchev and de-Stalinization. Brezhnev, détente, and stagnation. Perestroika, glasnost, and collapse. Rebirth of Russia. (History 27, 28, and 29 are offered sequentially.) Mulholland

31 Modern Germany. Germany since the 1840s, from unification to unification. Bismarck's Germany. World policy and world war. Weimar democracy. The National Socialist dictatorship and another war. Defeat and reconstruction. The two Germanies. A new Germany in a new Europe? Mulholland

33 Great Britain and the British Empire.  The growth of British world power after the loss of America in the late 18^th century, and its domestic social, economic, and political context.  War, patriotism, and the popular culture of imperialism. Decolonization, immigration, and the search for a post-imperial identity after the Second World War.  Malchow

37 Imperial Spain. The Iberian peninsula from the medieval kingdoms to the loss of the American empire at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Christian-Muslim wars; union of peninsular kingdoms at the end of the fifteenth century under the Catholic kings; expansion of the Spanish monarchy in Europe and America; economic, social, and political bases of the "Golden Century" and of decay in the seventeenth century; reformist attempts of the enlightened monarchs in the eighteenth-century; and loss of empire in the 1820s and its domestic impact.

38 Modern Spain. Political instability, nation-building problems, and social unrest in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Napoleonic invasion and Liberal revolutions; industrialization and labor conflicts; the role of the Catholic Church and the rise of anticlericalism. The Spanish-American War of 1898 and "regeneration" attempts culminating in the Civil War of 1936-39. Evolution of the Franco dictatorship and the political effects of economic growth and social modernization in the Cold War years. The transition from dictatorship to democratic monarchy in 1975-1982. Political institutions and social culture in the new Spain.

42XX Introductory Special Topics: East Asia/South Asia.

43 China to the Opium War. A broad survey of China's political, social, economic, and cultural history to 1943. Ancient worldviews and philosophies, legitimacy and structure of the imperial system, identity and function of the social elite, evolving sense of Chinese identity. Kuo

44 Modern China, 1839 to the Present. A broad survey of China's political, social, and cultural history from the Opium War to the present. China's long struggle for modernization in a global context; the everyday lives of the Chinese people as well as major events; the complexity and diversity of modern China in historical perspective. Kuo

45 Korea in East Asia. Traditional Korea, from pre-modern times to the arrival of the Atlantic World in the later nineteenth century. Korea's transition from tribal society to civil monarchy, the founding of new dynasties and evolving relations with China and Japan, the role of Buddhism and Confucianism. Lee

46 Modern Korea. A comparative view of Korea's political development. The cultural ramifications of the evolution of the Korean state--a traditional Confucian society embracing in modern times the Euro-American ideals of democracy and capitalism. Topics include the Japanese colonial era, the United States in the Korean world, the Korean War, economic development and political freedom, North Korea. Lee

47 Japan to 1868. Prehistoric times to the eve of the Meiji Restoration. Emphasis on early continental ties; Shinto, Buddhist, and Confucian traditions; Japanese feudalism; struggles for control of land and peasants; the changing composition of the ruling class; incipient capitalism of the Tokugawa period; breakdown of the Tokugawa order. Primary materials used in translation. Leupp

48 Japan from 1868 to the Present. From the eve of the Meiji Restoration to the twentieth century. Topics include the unequal treaties with Western powers, the Meiji Restoration, early industrialization, growth of the imperialist state, fascism, war, defeat, recovery, and recent role as a member of the Western camp. Leupp

51 South Asia, 1000-2000. Society, economy, and politics in South Asia (mainly present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) from c. 1000 to c. 2000. India's ancient heritage, Indo-Islamic society and culture, the Mughal empire, eighteenth-century regional states, the establishment of British dominion, social and religious reforms, nationalism before and after Gandhi, and partition of India and recent developments. Significant use of audiovisual material.  Jalal

53 South Asia in the Twentieth Century. A comparative historical analysis of state structures and political processes in late-colonial and postcolonial South Asia, particularly India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Themes include the reasons for the partition of 1947, the nature of the colonial legacy, the origins of democracy and military authoritarianism, the history of development, the shifting balance between central and regional power, and the ongoing clash between so-called secular and religiously informed ideologies. Jalal

60 The Modern Middle East until World War I. The Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire from the late eighteenth century until the eve of World War I, with focus on Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. The political and socioeconomic characteristics of the Middle East prior to the nineteenth century and their transformation in the nineteenth century under new worldwide regional circumstances; the impact of modern Europe in the age of multinational empires. Halabi

61 The Modern Middle East since World War I. Major themes of the history of the region in light of long-term historical and cultural trends, including the impact of the West, World War I and the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, the emergence of nation states, the role of Islam in a changing society, tradition and revolution, the oil boom, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Halabi

62XX Introductory Special Topics: Middle East/Central Asia.

63 History of Iran. Emphasis on the modern period. Iran within the Muslim world, its emergence as a separate entity, the introduction of Shi'ism as a state religion. Western influences, modernization, the Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic. Manz

64 The Mongol Empire. The nomad empires of Eurasia, from the development of mounted nomadism to its decline in the seventeenth century. The Mongol Empire (founded by Genghis Khan) and its many successor states that lasted into the modern period. Political traditions, the relation of nomads to settled peoples, the legacy of the Mongol Empire in both settled and nomad worlds. Manz

65 The Ottoman Empire. From its foundations until 1923. Special attention to topics in social and cultural history as well as classical Ottoman institutions. Fawaz

66 Modern Armenia, 1800-1920. The uses of history in the formation of Armenian identity, nation, and nationalism. The Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, Iran, India, and other host societies. A comparative study of the ideas of nationality and ethnicity, with a focus on revolution, ideology, and identity. Linkages between the massacre of Armenian people in 1915 and other mass killings and genocide in the twentieth century (examples extend to Kosovo in 1999). Baghdiantz McCabe

67 The Caucasus and Armenia in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras, 1918-2000. The Soviet regime and its effects on ethnic identity and national sentiment in the Caucasus. Stalin's ideas and policies on nationality in the region. A diplomatic, economic, and sociocultural history of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and their neighbors. Emphasis on ethnic conflict, nationalism, and nation-building in independent Armenia 1918-1920 and in post-Soviet Armenia, and on the international ramifications. Baghdiantz McCabe

68 The World of Islam. (Cross-listed as Comparative Religion 192D.) Formation and spread of Islamic civilization from the prophet Muhammad to present. Founding of Islam, formation of Islamic institutions and culture. Spread of Islam through conquest and trade. Islamic communities and states in Africa, East and Southeast Asia, Europe, and America. Manz

69 Medieval Islamic History. Political, social, and intellectual history of the Middle East, 600-1400. Muhammad and the spread of Islam. The Caliphate and the formation of a distinctive Islamic culture. The role of Persians and Turks in the Islamic world. Manz

70 Africa to 1850: Reconstructing Africa's Past. African history and culture from earliest times to the eve of European imperial expansion in Africa. Early patterns of settlement and cultural interaction; origins of African states; development of regional trading systems; the nature and impact of Africa's shifting participation in global trade. Penvenne

71 Africa since 1850: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Crises in Africa. African history and culture from the nineteenth century to the present, relating environmental, technical, and social innovations and constraints to change through time. Themes include intensified contact between Africans and Europeans, conquest, colonial experiences, African strategies to reclaim authority and the developing role of women and youth in shaping production, investment, and social choices in contemporary Africa.  Penvenne

73XX Introductory Special Topics: Africa.

75 Americas. Latin America and the Caribbean from the colonial period to the contemporary era. A multimedia, interdisciplinary introduction focusing on nation-building, migration, race relations, women's roles, political economy, sovereignty, religion, culture, revolutionary movements, and Latino communities in the United States. Winn

76XX Introductory Special Topics: Latin America.

77 Colonial Latin America. The indigenous and European backgrounds of Latin American history, the encounter and the conquest, Iberian colonial systems, economy and religion, society and sexuality, reform and rebellion. Winn

78 Modern Latin America. Latin America from its struggle for independence to the present day. Nationalism and authoritarian rule, export economies and industrial growth, social structure and social change, reform and revolution, democracy and international relations. Winn

80 The Changing American Nation: From Colony to World Society. The American population and social structure within the framework of the great events of American history. Migration, creolization, family, generations, urbanization, ethnicity, race and class in relation to Atlantic colonization, Puritanism, slavery; the Great Awakening, the American Revolution, westward expansion, the Civil War, the industrial revolution, Progressivism, the New Deal, the cold war, and globalization. Ueda

82 Colonial North America, 1492-1776. European imperialism and the creation of colonial societies in North America. Transatlantic perspective on religious, economic, and political forces joining Europe, Africa, and America. American society's emergence within Spanish, French, Dutch, and British empires. Trade, slavery, race, and ethnicity; family and community; work and economy; politics and war.

83 Revolutionary America, 1754-1789. Creation of a new, republican nation out of a monarchical empire. American society's place within the British Empire. Western expansion and the Seven Years War. Political origins of revolution; social effects of resistance and war; loyalism, slavery, international diplomacy; radical and conservative aspects of revolution; the Articles of Confederation; post-revolutionary political struggles and social change; origins of the Federal Constitution.

84 Early United States from the Constitution to Civil War, 1789-1877. American politics and society from the birth of the Republic through the Civil War and Reconstruction. Growth of democracy; industrialization; changing gender roles; evangelical religion; slavery; African American society; Native Americans; the West; constitutional debates; political parties; the War of 1812; the Mexican War; diplomacy; secession, the Civil War and Reconstruction.

86 The Emergence of Modern American Society, 1870s-1920s. The absolute, moralistic ideals of Victorian-American culture in collision with the scientific principles of objectivity, empiricism, and relativism. Topics include: Darwin's challenge to religious thought, changes in approaches to health and medicine and to the doctrines and practice of the law, the rise of the social sciences and the modern university, the shift from patriarchal to companionate marriages, the rise of a meritocracy and the promise of racial and sexual equality. Drachman

87 America in the Twentieth Century. The United States from the Progressive Movement to the present and the changing concepts of the role of government in the United States and of the United States in world affairs are examined. Gill

88XX Introductory Special Topics: United States.

89 Rewriting America: A Survey of the Twentieth Century.  An "interactive survey" of the United States in the twentieth century, organized around student-run publishing "companies" that will produce biweekly newspapers or magazines (stories, editorials, letters to the editor) covering international, national, local, and personal news of American life. As term progresses, stories advance chronologically through the century. An independent work-oriented course offering journalism experience. Sherwin

90 Cold War America. The history of the United States since the Second World War. Political developments and the impact of the cold war on American society. Sherwin

92 Women in America to 1900. American women from colonial times through the nineteenth century. Topics include women in preindustrial society, industrialization and its impact on women, women on the frontier, women and the antebellum South, True Womanhood, and the nineteenth-century women's movement. Drachman

93 Women in Twentieth-Century America. Women in twentieth-century America, focusing on changes and continuity in their public and private lives. Topics include suffrage, changing patterns of women's work, emergence of the modern woman, changing attitudes toward sexuality and marriage, the birth control movement, women during the Second World War, rise of the "feminine mystique," women in the civil rights and student protest movements, the women's liberation movement. Attention to tension between gender identity and diversity among women. Drachman

94 Sickness and Health in America. Medical and cultural attitudes toward sickness and health in nineteenth- and twentieth-century America. Attention to the impact of race, class, and gender on medical beliefs and practice. Topics include epidemics in social context, the popular health movement, rise of the modern medical profession, decline of midwifery and rise of obstetrics, women's health and women's rights, Tuskegee syphilis study, eating disorders. Drachman

95 The African American in United States History to 1865. The history of Africans and persons of African descent from the beginnings of the slave trade up through the Civil War. Special attention is given to the emergence of slavery in colonial and antebellum America; the development of African-American cultural values and social institutions; the development of forms of resistance to and calls for the abolition of slavery; and the development of free black communities. Gill

96 The African American in United States History since 1865. The history of African Americans from the end of the Civil War to the present. Special attention is devoted to African-American social, political, and economic life during Reconstruction; late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century protest efforts; the civil rights movement and concurrent manifestations of black nationalism and self-determination. Gill

98 The Immigrant in American History. U.S. immigration in comparative and world perspective. Immigration control policies, nativism and prejudice, assimilation and ethnicity, and rural and urban communities. Ueda

99 The American Immigrant Pattern and Asian Americans. The pattern of ethnic pluralism arising from immigration to the United States. The role of Asian immigrants compared with Irish, Jewish, German, and other European immigrants and immigrants from the Western hemisphere. Ueda

Thematic Courses
(Open to undergraduate and graduate students)

100 Historical Marxism. Selected consideration of the substance and context of themes in political economy and historical prognosis and major literary expressions of the Marxist tradition, primarily, but not exclusively, in its European forms. Mulholland

103 Consumption, Power, and Identity: Food and Clothing in Modern Times. A socioeconomic history of the use of luxury goods and staples from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Coffee, tea, sugar, spices, opium, silk, cotton, potatoes, and rice. National and social identity through commodities, culinary traditions, and clothing fashions. Consumerism and daily life in Europe, Asia, and the U.S. The importance of exports from Asia and the Americas to Europe and of manufactured exports from Europe to Asia and the Americas. Addresses problems of globalization and ecology. Baghdiantz McCabe

104 Gender, Travel, and Imperialism: European Women in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Female pirates, prisoners and slaves, missionaries, aristocrats, ambassadors' wives, and tourists from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The domestication of empire, the transformation of gender, race, class, and family in expatriate life, and the construction of new social roles in exile. Women as "honorary males," cross-dressing, the female gaze, and views of race and identity in travel writing by women. The role of European women in producing imperial discourse and in building empire. Baghdiantz McCabe

105 Historical Construction of Sexuality. Selected topics in the history of lesbians and gay men in Western culture, and the changing relationship of heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality from the late Classical period to the present. 

113 The Religious and Spiritual Map of Europe, 300-1500. (Cross-listed as Comparative Religion 113.) The encounter between Christianity and Roman, Celtic, and German paganism; resistance to established Christianity among the common people; spread of Judaism and changing relations between Christians and Jews; coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians in Spain. Focus on cultural history and development of institutions such as monasticism, a clerical hierarchy, and rabbinical communities, with attention as well to evolution of spiritual practices in the three "religions of the book": Judaism, Christianity and, for southern Europe, Islam. Marrone

114 Science, Magic, and Society, 1100-1700. Western European intellectual and cultural history from the twelfth-century Renaissance to the scientific revolution: the development of a rationalist worldview among intellectuals, the persistence of magic among the lower classes, and the phenomenon of the witch craze in the seventeenth century. Marrone

115 The Byzantine Empire. From the foundation of Constantinople in 330 A.D. until its conquest in 1453. Attention is given to the development of Byzantine civilization, theological controversy, and Byzantine relations with the Slavs, the Ottoman Turks, and Western Europe. Marcopoulos

122 Modern Southeastern Europe. The peoples of Southeastern Europe from the Ottoman conquests in the Balkans during the fourteenth century and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 until the present time. Emphasis on the development of Balkan nationalism, ethnic rivalries, the role of religion, the rise of independent Balkan states, the area's role in nineteenth- and twentieth-century European diplomacy, and the spread and disintegration of Communist regimes. Marcopoulos

128  British Society from 1945 to the Present.   A social history of Britain from the creation of the post-war welfare state to the present.  Special emphasis on popular culture and counter culture; youth, class, “angry young men,” feminism, race, and sexuality through literature, music, film, and television.  Malchow

129  Britain and the U.S. from  the Second World War to the Present: Special Relations.  The Anglo-American relationship viewed from the British perspective.  From the GI “invasion” of England in 1942 to present-day mass tourism.  Political, diplomatic, and economic issues are considered, with an emphasis on issues of “Americanization” through popular culture and the media.  Malchow

132 Religion in Japanese History. (Cross-listed as Comparative Religion 136.) Traces development of religious ideas and institutions from prehistory to the present, stressing connections to broad socioeconomic and cultural trends. Topics include Buddhism, Shinto, Confucianism, Christian missions, and new religions. Leupp

133 Japanese History through Literature. Reading and discussion of primary sources with both historical and literary interest, including representative samples of chronicles, courtly diaries, war tales, novels, and kabuki dramas. Leupp

134 Tokugawa Japan. Japanese history from 1603 to 1868. Emphasis on the Tokugawa legacy to modern Japan. Topics include commercial growth, the urban tradition, feudal-bureaucratic rule, philosophical and religious thought, education, gender and sexuality, and peasant rebellions. Prerequisite: History 69 or consent. Leupp

135 Gender and Sexuality in Japanese History. Discussion of ancient matriarchy, marriage customs, the status of women in ancient courtly and medieval military society, female samurai, childhood, initiation rites, monastic and samurai homosexuality, male and female prostitution, ruling-class "deployment" of sexuality, and the appeal of androgyny in theatre and other arts. Leupp

136 Islam in South Asia. (Cross-listed as Comparative Religion 138.) Social and political conflict and cultural and political accommodation in the history of South Asian Islam, spanning the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. The question of Muslim identity and the politics of coexistence with members of other religious communities, especially Hindus and Sikhs. The multiple and shifting affiliations of Muslims as individuals to the community of Islam, as well as to the linguistic groups, economic classes, and modern nations. Jalal

139 Nationalism and Its Critics in South Asia. South Asian nationalisms in a theoretical and comparative context. This course reassesses the equation between anticolonialism and nationalism as well as the binary opposition between secular nationalism and religious communalism. Jalal

140 Religion, Law, and Misplaced Secularity in South Asia. (Cross-listed as Comparative Religion 140.) The historical relationship between religion and law in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. A reconceptualization of the separation of public and private, secular and religious. How Indian self-perceptions of religiously informed identities were shaped by the challenge of colonial modernity, and their influence upon anticolonial nationalism and postcolonial national ideologies. Jalal

141 Decolonization in Asia. Comparative historical study of the processes of decolonization in Asia with particular reference to the end of the British Raj in South Asia. The independence and partition of India will be compared to British withdrawal from Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Burma, and Malaya. Jalal

150 Race, Class, and Power in Southern Africa. Continuity and change in Southern African history from the mineral revolution of the late nineteenth century to the present. Themes include regional struggles for land, labor, and political authority within the developing regional economy; strategies to shape the migrant labor system; patterns of urbanization and dispossession; political articulation and recent dismantling of racial segregation and apartheid in the region's core; interrelated experiences of war, exile, refugee status; commitments to political reconciliation; and the issue of economic redistribution. Penvenne

151 Africa and the African Diaspora to the Americas. The roots of African origin populations in the Americas. Introduction to major West African political and social groups and their involvement in the Atlantic system; exploration of the historical demography of African diaspora to the Americas. Themes include the changing nature of slavery and dependent labor; the development of Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Brazilian, and Afro-Latino cultures; Pan-Africanist history; contemporary bonds among Africans and people of African origin in the Americas. Penvenne

155 Revolution in Latin America: Mexico and Cuba. Latin America's paradigmatic revolutions in comparative historical perspective. The colonial legacy; the struggle for independence and its aftermath; economic expansion and the failure of reform; and the roots, course, and consequences of revolution, including international involvement and impact. Winn

156 Revolution and Counterrevolution in Central and South America. A comparative study in historical perspective of the causes, course, and consequences of revolution and counterrevolution in twentieth-century Central and South America. Winn

160 Native American History. Aboriginal peoples of the Americas from first arrival to the present. Comparative focus on emergence of societies in North and South America. Gender roles, religious belief, political power, economy, and social change before and after European colonialism. Race, identity, and survival; cultural continuity and change. Multidisciplinary, transnational approach. Native sources and viewpoints. Haefeli

164 The City in American History: The Civil War to the Progressive Era. The growth of the social, cultural, and political systems of modern cities from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century and its relation to immigration. Focus on industrialization, housing, labor, family life, popular culture, personal identity, and ethnic enterprise. Ueda

167 Health, Sexuality, and Feminism in Modern America. Women's historical roles as patients and practitioners, and the relationship of American feminism to women's health care issues. Topics include female reproduction, midwifery, rise of obstetrics as a medical field, the birth control movement, abortion, female sexuality, women's diseases, women doctors, and nurses. Drachman

171 The American South since 1865. The American South from the end of the Civil War to the present. The nature of race relations and racial conflict, class stratification, and Southern culture within the framework of political, economic, social, and intellectual developments from Reconstruction to the New South Creed of the 1980s. Gill

172 Sports in American History. Recreational leisure and organized sports activities in the United States from the colonial period to the present. Emphasis on the emergence of organized professional and amateur sports from 1850 onward in the context of industrialization, urbanization, and migration. Sports in the framework of American economic history, labor history, and social mobility; and race, ethnic, and gender relations. Gill

178 The Camera and the Cold War. The history and historiography of the cold war through comparison of written history and documentary films. Analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of visual history. Organized around selected cold war topics such as Hiroshima, anticommunism, the Vietnam War. Sherwin

Research Seminars, One-on-One Courses, and Special Topics
The Department of History offers research seminars for juniors and seniors each semester involving a variety of topics, each of which falls within the general classifications indicated below. Consent of the instructor is required. A separately issued calendar lists the specific topics, instructors, and prerequisites. Enrollment in each seminar is limited to fifteen.

180 Research Seminar in World History.
181 Research Seminar in European History.
182 Research Seminar in East Asian History.
183 Research Seminar in South Asian History.
184 Research Seminar in Middle Eastern/Central Asian History.
185 Research Seminar in African History.
186 Research Seminar in Latin American History.
187 Research Seminar in American History.
188 Independent Study. Topic and credit as arranged.
189 Undergraduate Internship.
190 Special Topics in World History.
191 Special Topics in European History.
192 Special Topics in East Asian History.
193 Special Topics in South Asian History.
194 Special Topics in Middle Eastern/Central Asian History.
195 Special Topics in African History.
196 Special Topics in Latin American History.
197 Special Topics in American History.
198, 199 Senior Honors Thesis. Two courses.

Graduate Courses

200 Historiography. An analysis of the nature and functions of history, its relation to other disciplines, the basic principles of historical method, bibliography, and the techniques of historical research and writing in connection with which at least one paper is prepared. Major interpretations and theories of historical change are also considered. Prerequisite: consent. Members of the department

202-205 Comparative Colloquia. Members of the department
210 Colloquium in World History. Members of the department
211 Colloquium in European History. Malchow, Marcopoulos, Marrone, Mulholland, Solomon
212 Colloquium in East Asian History. Leupp
213 Colloquium in South Asian History. Jalal
214 Colloquium in Middle Eastern/Central Asian History. Fawaz, Baghdiantz McCabe, Jalal, Manz
215 Colloquium in African History. Penvenne
216 Colloquium in Latin American History. Winn
217 Colloquium in American History. Drachman, Gill, Sherwin, Ueda, Haefeli
220-229XX Readings in World History. Members of the department
230-239XX Readings in European History. Malchow, Marcopoulos, Marrone, Mulholland, Solomon
240-249XX Readings in East Asian History. Leupp
250-259 Readings in South Asian History. Jalal
260-269XX Readings in Middle Eastern/Central Asian History. Baghdiantz McCabe, Fawaz, Jalal, Manz
270-274XX Readings in African History. Penvenne
275-279XX Readings in Latin American History. Winn
280-289XX Readings in American History. Drachman, Gill, Sherwin, Ueda


289 Exhibition Planning for the Small Museum. Learn the organization of an exhibition, from idea to opening reception and beyond. This course addresses issues specific to the temporary museum exhibition, such as priorities, deadlines, loan negotiations, installation requirements, and curatorial and educational goals. Students select objects, arrange for loans, design and install the exhibition, create and implement a public relations campaign, write interpretive labels and an exhibit guide, and formulate and produce public programs. Prerequisites: Art History 285 and one other museum studies course. Spring.

290 Historical Interpretation of Material Culture. The interpretation of past societies and cultures through artifactual material, and the problems involved in presenting these interpretations to contemporary audiences. The course draws on modes of analysis developed in social history, archaeology, anthropology, folklore, and material culture studies, with an emphasis on New England between the precontact period and the urban industrial present. Fall.

291 Collections Care and Preservation. (Cross-listed as Art History 288.) The principles and techniques of museum collections maintenance, with special attention to specific applications for small to midsize museums and historic properties. Study of the material attributes of museum artifacts and documents, their documentation, preservation, storage, environmental control and monitoring, and display. Some class sessions conducted at museum sites. Spring.

292 Museum Studies Internship. (Cross-listed as Art History 289 and Education 284.) Intended to provide firsthand professional experience in museum work, relevant to the student's interests and career goals. Specific training and projects arranged by the student with the approval of a museum site supervisor and the program adviser. Fall, spring, and summer.

293, 294 Directed Graduate Research. Arranged. Members of the department

295, 296 Master's Thesis. Guided research on a topic that has been approved as a suitable subject for a master's thesis. Two courses. Members of the department

297, 298 Doctoral Dissertation. Guided research on a topic suitable for a doctoral dissertation. Credit as arranged. Members of the department

401PT Master's Continuation, Part-time.

402FT Master's Continuation, Full-time.

501PT Doctoral Continuation, Part-time.

502FT Doctoral Continuation, Full-time.