Associate Professor Harry A. Bernheim, Chair; Organismal physiology,
immunology
Professor Frances Sze-Ling Chew, Ecology, plant-insect interactions
Professor David E. Cochrane, Cell physiology, inflammation
Professor Susan G. Ernst, Developmental biology
Professor Jan A. Pechenik, Invertebrate zoology, marine invertebrate
reproduction
Professor Eli C. Siegel, Microbial genetics
Professor Barry A. Trimmer, Henry Bromfield Pearson
Professor of Natural Science; Neurotransmitters and receptors in
insects, intracellular signals
Associate Professor George S. Ellmore, Draupner Ring Scholar; Plant development,
experimental plant morphology, anatomy
Associate Professor Ross S. Feldberg, Biochemistry, DNA metabolism
Associate Professor Juliet Fuhrman, Immunology and parasitic diseases
Associate Professor Sara M. Lewis, Evolutionary and behavioral ecology
Associate Professor Colin M. Orians, Ecology, plant-herbivore-environment
interactions
Associate Professor J. Michael Reed, Conservation biology, ornithology, behavior
Associate Professor L. Michael Romero, Physiological endocrinology, physiology
of stress
Assistant Professor Astier Almedom, Henry R. Luce Professor of Science and
Humanitarianism
Assistant Professor Catherine Freudenreich, Cell biology
Assistant Professor Kelly A. McLaughlin, Cell biology, cell signaling
of organogenesis
Assistant Professor Mitch McVey,
Molecular biology, genomic instability
Assistant Professor Philip T. B. Starks, Evolutionary dynamics of
parasite and host populations
Lecturer Michelle Gaudette, Molecular biology, gene regulation of development
Lecturer Margaret A. Lynch, Cell biology, molecular biology of plant and animal
cells
Adjunct Professor David L. Kaplan, Biotechnology,
biomaterials
Adjunct Assistant Professor Stephen M. Rich, Department of
Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Grafton campus
Biology is the scientific study of living organisms. Derived from the search for organized understanding of plants and animals in their natural environments, contemporary biology is increasingly successful in characterizing the basic molecular processes that are essential to all forms of life. Modern experimental studies on the origin, evolution, and physiological mechanisms of life are of profound philosophical importance and provide the underlying foundation for research in biology and for the teaching of biology. They also provide the basic knowledge used in applied fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental biology.
Biology students should aspire to understand the central principles governing life processes at both molecular and higher levels. An increased comprehension of the problem-solving methods of science, as used within the laboratory and in the analysis of contemporary environmental and biosocial problems, should be a concomitant goal. Biology majors, especially those preparing for graduate work, are expected to learn how to critically evaluate original research literature. This can be done by enrolling in seminar courses which are designed to investigate topics by utilizing the primary literature. Small class sizes in seminars allow students to present papers and participate in class discussions.
Laboratories are available for study and research in selected areas of biochemistry,
neurobiology, immunology, endocrinology, molecular biology, cell biology, genetics,
physiology, plant sciences, behavior, and ecology. Controlled-environment rooms, marine
and freshwater aquaria, and a greenhouse are among the diversified resources for the
experimental work. Fieldwork experience at marine laboratories or other biological
stations is encouraged.
Undergraduate Concentration Requirements
Major in Biology
Ten courses, including eight courses in biology numbered 13 or higher (with the exception
of Biology 16, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 99), at least six of which must be
completed with a grade of C- or better, and either two courses in chemistry or two courses
in physics. The eight biology courses must normally include Biology 13, 14, and 41 (core
courses) and at least one course each in the biology of cells (Group A), biology of
organisms (Group B), and biology of populations (Group C). At least four of the eight
biology courses must be taken at Tufts. (Students are also encouraged to take at least one
of the Writing Workshop courses offered in the department.) It is recommended
that students take at least one seminar course.
At least three courses in biology must include laboratory study. In fulfilling this laboratory requirement, students may choose from among those biology courses for which laboratory is specified in the course description, with the following exceptions: Biology 93, 94, and 187.
Biology 193 or 194 may normally be used as only one of the eight biology courses for completion of the concentration requirements; on approval of a petition to the department, a maximum of two such courses may be applied toward the major. In no case may more than one of these courses be used to fulfill the laboratory requirement.
The foregoing is a minimal program. For many purposes, additional preparation in related sciences and calculus is needed. A course in calculus and laboratory courses in both organic chemistry and physics are strongly advised. A course in statistics should be included when advanced work in ecology, evolution, or genetics is anticipated. Medical schools require a year of general chemistry and a year of organic chemistry--both with laboratory, a year of physics with laboratory, and a year of biology with laboratory. Calculus is recommended. Students planning to enter graduate school or seeking employment in biological research should take more than the minimal number of laboratory courses required for the biology major.
To be eligible for a summa cum laude degree, a student must have done biology research equivalent to Biology 93. Comparable research in related fields will also be considered. Participation in the Thesis Honors Program will entail writing and defending a thesis based on laboratory or field research.
Major in Biochemistry
Chemistry 1 and 2 (or 11 and 12), Chemistry 51/53, 52/54, 31, 42, 156, and
171/172; Biology 13, 41,
105, and 50 or 163. Mathematics 12 and Physics
2 or 12 are required as prerequisite to Chemistry 31. The following sequence of courses is
suggested for students concentrating in biochemistry: first year, Chemistry 1 and 2 (or
3), Biology 13; second year, Biology 50, Chemistry 5l/53, 52/54; third year, Chemistry 42, 156,
Biology 41, 152; fourth year, Chemistry 31, Biology 105.
Major in Biopsychology
An interdepartmental major for students particularly interested in neurobiology and
behavior. Required courses: five in biology and five in psychology. These include the
following: Cells and Organisms (Biology 13), General Genetics (Biology 41), Animal
Behavior (Biology 130), one course in animal physiology (chosen from among Biology 75,
115, 116, 134), and an elective in biology; Statistics (Psychology 31 or Biology 132),
Experimental Psychology (Psychology 32), Brain and Behavior (Psychology 103), plus two
electives from among Psychology 26, 27, 29, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 104, 123, 127, 128, and
129. Biopsychology majors may not double major in psychology or biology. Majors are
encouraged to elect an advanced laboratory course in either department. Consult the
departments of either biology or psychology for details about this program.
Graduate Program
Before beginning advanced study in a specialty, all graduate students in biology are
expected to have the broad course work and laboratory experience that is equivalent to the
requirements for an undergraduate major in this department. The student's entrance
committee will determine what courses, if any, should be taken in the first year to
fulfill these requirements. Graduate instruction and research opportunities are offered in
six areas: 1) ecology, behavior, and evolution; 2) genetics and molecular
biology; 3) developmental biology; 4) neurobiology and animal behavior; 5) cell
physiology; and 6) conservation and the environment. More information
is available at http://ase.tufts.edu/biology.
Master of Science
A candidate for the master's degree in biology must complete at least eight
different graduate-level courses, of which at least four must be in the Department of
Biology. All courses must be approved by the committee appointed to guide the student's
work. Courses taken at recognized marine laboratories or field stations may be offered for
credit.
A research master of science student must take six courses for letter grades. No more than one of these six may be guided individual study (Biology 293 or 294). Also required for the research master of science are two research courses (Biology 295, 296) and preparation and successful defense of an original thesis. A student in a research master's program is normally expected to serve as a teaching assistant for at least one semester.
A course-work master of science student must take at least seven courses for letter grades. No more than one of the eight courses required for the degree may be guided individual study and no more than one may be a research course. A comprehensive oral examination is required for the course-work master's degree; the oral examination includes questions on the field of the candidate's special interest and also on the general background of biological knowledge.
Students in the combined B.S.-M.S. degree program are normally required to prepare an original thesis.
The Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning offers, in cooperation with the
Department of Biology, a two-year interdisciplinary master's degree focusing on
environmental studies. For more information, see Urban and Environmental Policy
and Planning.
Doctor of Philosophy
A candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree is expected to plan and
undertake a program of advanced study and research in consultation with a faculty
committee. The candidate is required to serve as a teaching assistant for at least two
semesters.
During the first year, students are expected to complete at least two research rotations. Following completion, students must choose and be accepted into the laboratory of a faculty member under whose direction they will carry out their research and prepare their dissertations.
Entry into the Ph.D. degree program is not official until the candidate passes a
qualifying procedure. The procedure includes a written examination in the candidate's
field of special interest and related areas, and the preparation and defense of a detailed
written thesis research proposal.
The Department of Biology and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering offer
a joint graduate degree program in biology/biotechnology. This program explores biological
principles and problems with a chemical engineering perspective. For details, please
contact the biology department or the chemical and biological engineering department.
Course Selection for Undergraduates
For students with an interest in biology or the health sciences and a strong high-school
science background, Biology 13 is the most appropriate beginning course, and may be taken
concurrently with Chemistry 1 or 3. Biology 13 and 14 are normally prerequisites for more
advanced work in biology.
Students who do not have a strong high-school science background and who are seeking a general introduction to biology are advised to start with Biology 3. A student who earns a grade of B- or better in Biology 3 may use this course instead of Biology 13 as a prerequisite for more advanced courses. Credit cannot be received for both Biology 3 and Biology 13.
Students interested in biology but not planning to major in the sciences might take
Biology 2, 3, 7, 8, or 10. None of these may be counted among the eight courses in
biology used to satisfy the concentration requirements. Credits in many regular lecture or
laboratory courses will count toward fulfillment of one A, B, or C course group
(outlined in the
departmental requirements for the major). The particular group in which a
course is categorized for this purpose is indicated at the end of the course description.
Absence of such designation indicates that the course cannot be used to fulfill any group
of the distribution requirements, although the credits are applicable toward the total
required for a major.
Undergraduate Courses
1 Introduction to Biology. (Cross-listed as Engineering Science 11.) Fundamental concepts and understanding of biological principles, particularly as they relate to engineering disciplines. Does not count toward the biology major. Prerequisites: Mathematics 11 and Chemistry 1, or consent. Fall. Kaplan
2 Biology and the American Social Contract. Scientific background of such biological issues as teaching of evolution and the creationist viewpoint, risk assessment and the causes of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, genetic engineering in medical and agricultural research, the use of animals and humans in research. Case studies of the impact of public and private interests on biological research in the United States. Spring. Romero
3 Fundamentals of Biology. An introductory course for potential biology majors who do not have a strong high-school science background and for nonscience majors who are interested in a general introduction to biology. Selected topics in cell structure and function, energy transformations in living systems, genetics, and physiology. Three lectures. Fall. Gaudette
4 Gross Anatomy. (Cross-listed as Occupational Therapy 102.) See Occupational Therapy for course description.
5 Neuroanatomy. (Cross-listed as Occupational Therapy 103.) See Occupational Therapy for course description.
7 Environmental Biology. An examination of major natural and created ecosystems and human influences on them. Biological bases for species distributions, human population size, and conservation. Ecological bases for sound land use and pollution abatement. Fall. Reed
8 Human Heredity. Introduction to genetics, primarily human genetics, for those not majoring in the biological or physical sciences. Cells and chromosomes, transmission genetics, sex determination, the nature of the gene, genetic screening, the human genome, cancer. Prerequisite: high-school biology. Spring 2005 and alternate years. Siegel
9 Physiology. (Cross-listed as Occupational Therapy 101.) See Occupational Therapy for course description.
10 Plants and Humanity. (Cross-listed as Environmental Studies 10.) Principles of botany accenting economic aspects and multicultural implications of plants, their medicinal products, crop potential, and biodiversity. Emphasis placed on global aspects of this dynamic science, with selected topics on acid rain, deforestation, biotechnology, and other applications. Also covered are medicinal, poisonous, and psychoactive species, as well as nutritional sources from seaweeds and mushrooms to mangos and durians. Three lectures. Spring. Ellmore
11 Kinesiology. (Cross-listed as Occupational Therapy 104.) See Occupational Therapy for course description.
13 Cells and Organisms. An introductory course primarily for prospective biology majors. General biological principles and widely used methods related to current advances in cell and molecular biology, genetics, immunology, plant and biomedical sciences. Three lectures and one laboratory each week. Prerequisites: advanced high-school chemistry and biology recommended. Fall. Members of the department
14 Organisms and Population. Forms a logical sequel to Biology 13. Selected topics in animal and plant physiology, development, genetics, and population biology, with emphasis on evolutionary mechanisms. Three lectures and one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 13 strongly recommended. Spring. Members of the department
16 Bioscience Challenge Seminars. Weekly seminar given by practicing scientists to convey how research is done in different fields. Relevant readings and discussion. One-half course credit, pass-fail grading. Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in an introductory science course and consent. Feldberg
41 General Genetics. Basic concepts of classical and molecular genetics, including Mendelian genetics, genetic mapping, the genetic code, gene transcription and translation, regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genomics, and human chromosomal abnormalities. Three lectures. Prerequisite: Biology 13 or equivalent. Fall. Freudenreich, Siegel
46 Cell Biology. Basic concepts of cellular organization, function, regulation. Emphasis on molecular/biochemical approach to fundamentals of bioenergetics; plasma membrane functions such as transport, secretion, and signal transduction; organelle function and biogenesis; cell growth and division. Three lectures. Prerequisite: Biology 13 and 14 or equivalent. (Group A.) Spring.
49 Experiments in Physiology. Experimental investigations of several problems in physiology using a wide variety of modern techniques. Classes will concentrate on several biological concepts and emphasize appropriate experimental design, data collection, data analysis and presentation. One laboratory session per week plus one discussion period. Prerequisites: sophomore standing and Biology 14 or equivalent. Fall. Trimmer and members of the department
50 Experiments in Molecular Biology. Similar to Biology 49, but investigating a series of laboratory problems using modern techniques of biotechnology. Gene cloning, recombinant protein expression, protein biochemistry, and immunochemistry are emphasized for teaching state-of-the-art laboratory skills and for reinforcing basic concepts of modern molecular biology. One laboratory session per week plus one discussion period. Prerequisites: sophomore standing and Biology 13 or equivalent. Open only to majors in biology, biochemistry, and chemical engineering. Spring. Fuhrman and members of the department
51 Experiments in Ecology. An introduction to field research in different habitats. Emphasis on acquiring skills in taxonomic identification, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing and experimental design, data analysis and interpretation, as well as oral and written communication. Opportunity for student-designed group research projects on ecological questions. One laboratory session per week plus one discussion period. Prerequisites: sophomore standing and Biology 14 or equivalent. Fall. Orians and members of the department
52 Experiments in Cell Biology. Investigation of several laboratory problems using standard techniques of cell biology. Emphasis on subcellular fractionation, microscopy, cell culture, and chromatography. One laboratory session per week plus one discussion period. Prerequisites: sophomore standing and Biology 13 or equivalent. Spring. Lynch
53 Experiments in Genetics. Experimental investigations of inheritance using techniques of classical genetics and molecular biology. Mendelian inheritance, bacterial genetics, PCR, Southern blotting, population genetics plus a required semester project. Emphasis on laboratory technique, data collection and analysis. One laboratory session per week plus additional lab work for the semester project. One course credit. Pre- or co-requisite: Biology 41. Fall 2006. Gaudette
62 Molecular Biotechnology. (Cross-listed as Biomedical Engineering 62 and Chemical and Biological Engineering 62.) Overview of key aspects of molecular biology and engineering aspects of biotechnology. Lecture topics include molecular biology, recombinant DNA techniques, immunology, cell biology, protein purification, fermentation, cell culture, combinatorial methods, and bioinformatics. (Group A.) (May be taken at the 100-level with consent; see below.) Prerequisite: consent. Spring. Kaplan
75 Comparative Vertebrate Physiology. A comparative study of vertebrate function. Physiology of selected systems, including digestion, circulation, excretion, respiration, and temperature regulation. Emphasis on physiological adaptations to the environment. Three lectures. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14. One year of chemistry recommended. (Group B.) Fall 2005 and alternate years. Bernheim
91 Seminar in Environmental Preservation and Improvement. (Cross-listed as Environmental Studies 91.) Stresses extant problems, especially those of local interest with global impact, utilizing outside speakers, team research projects, and participation in ongoing governmental and private institutional efforts affecting the environment. One semester. May be repeated for credit. May not be counted towards the biology major. Prerequisite: major in environmental studies or consent.
93, 94 Introduction to Research. At least ten hours per week of guided laboratory research, generally including one hour of consultation or seminar with research supervisor and a paper. Details of individual project to be worked out with the supervisor. Gives students an opportunity to participate in biological research on the Tufts Medford/Somerville and Boston campuses. Does not satisfy laboratory or course requirement for the major in biology. May be counted as credit toward degree only. Prerequisites: three courses in biology, or equivalent, and prior consent of the course coordinator. Variable course credit. Pass-fail grading. Lynch
97 Seminar in Contemporary Biosocial Problems in America. The application of basic biological theory to modern social problems in America. Among the major issues examined are those connected with race, sex roles, environment, and genetic determinism. Prerequisites: junior standing and Biology 13. Feldberg
99 Professional Development Seminar. For biology majors engaged in research
and/or interested in postgraduate opportunities in biology. Students share their own
research results and experience, discuss some current research literature, hear invited
speakers, and receive guidance for research careers. One hour meeting weekly. No credit.
Prerequisites: junior standing, current or recent experience in research, and consent. Members
of the department
Courses for Undergraduate and Graduate Students
102 Human Genetics. Applications of the principles and methods of modern genetics to problems in human heredity. Topics include genetic diagnosis and screening, gene therapy, transgenic models, imprinting, mapping, cancer, and behavioral genetics. Prerequisite: Biology 41. (Group A.) Fall. Siegel
103 Developmental Biology. Basic concepts of developmental biology with emphasis on the molecular events underlying the morphological changes that occur during development. Examples will be drawn from a number of phyla to illustrate developmental mechanisms, e.g., gametogenesis, cleavage, organogenesis and determination, cell-cell interactions, induction, and programs of gene activation. Prerequisite: Biology 41 or 46. (Group A.) Fall. Ernst
104 Immunology. Concepts of modern immunology and their importance in biology. Topics include humoral and cellular immune responses, antibody structure and biosynthesis, antigen-antibody interactions, cellular immunology, immunological tolerance, autoimmunity, and tumor immunology. Prerequisite: Biology 41. (Group A.). Fall. Fuhrman, Bernheim
105 Molecular Biology. Gene structure and function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, fundamentals of recombinant DNA technology. Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, recombination, transcription, and protein synthesis are emphasized. Advanced topics including regulation of gene expression during development, transposition, and regulation of chromatin structure are based on current literature. Prerequisite: Biology 41. (Group A.) Spring. McVey
106 Microbiology. A survey to provide a general understanding of bacteria and viruses. Bacterial structure, growth, ecology, pathogenic mechanisms, and viral life cycles. The laboratory will familiarize students with microbiological methods and various groups of microorganisms. Three lectures, one laboratory per week. One and one-half credits. Prerequisites: one intermediate biology course or equivalent, and Chemistry 2. (Group A.) Spring. Siegel
107 Humanitarian Policy and Public Health. Introduction to humanitarian policy and practice in complex emergencies with particular reference to health. Issues in environmental health, nutrition, and program design are examined from public health and anthropological perspectives. Also covered are anthropological and participatory tools of investigation and analysis applicable to humanitarian emergency settings. Prerequisite: Biology 13 or 14, or one nutrition or community health course. Fall. Almedom
108 Plant Development. Structural and physiological aspects of plant development. Genetic and environmental influences on development as these pertain to germination, root and shoot growth, and plant sexuality and flowering. Information on corn, bean, and tobacco systems will be extended to diverse groups such as cacti, ferns, bromelaids, water plants, parasitic and carnivorous plants. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. (Group B.) Spring 2005 and alternate years. Ellmore
110 Endocrinology. A comprehensive introduction to the chemical and physiological principle of hormonal integration in animals. Topics include endocrine regulation of metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, neural functions, mineral and water balance, behavior, and nutrition. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. (Group B.) Fall. Romero
115 General Physiology I. Elements of homeostasis, circulation, respiration, and excretion are discussed at various levels, from the molecular to the organ system. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. (Group B.) Fall 2004 and alternate years. Bernheim, Cochrane
116 General Physiology II. Elements of homeostasis and of endocrine, digestive, nervous, and muscular systems are discussed at various levels, from the molecular to the organ system. Prerequisites: same as for Biology 115. (Group B.) Spring 2005 and alternate years. Cochrane, Bernheim
118 Plant Physiology. Interaction of living plant components performing biological functions including water transport, mineral uptake, movements, and signaling between plant parts in response to environmental cues. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. Introductory chemistry recommended. (Group B.) Spring 2004 and alternate years. Ellmore
130 Animal Behavior. (Cross-listed as Environmental Studies 130.) An examination of ethological theory: the development of behavior, orientation, migration, communication, and social behavior. Particular emphasis will be placed on the functioning of animal societies. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. (Group C.) Fall. Starks
131 Principles of Medical Imaging. (Cross-listed as Biomedical Engineering 131 and Electrical Engineering 131.) This interdisciplinary course presents the principles of medical imaging techniques such as diagnostic ultrasound, radiography, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For each imaging modality, topics include the physical principles, key aspects of instrumentation design, mathematical methods, and the anatomical/physiological information content of the images. Representative medical images will be discussed and interpreted. This course cannot be taken for basic science requirement for engineering students. Prerequisites: Mathematics 11, Physics 2 or 12, or consent. Fantini
132 Biostatistics. An examination of statistical methods for designing, analyzing, and interpreting biological experiments and observations. Topics include probability, parameter estimation, inference, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and nonparametric methods. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent, plus one additional biology course. Fall. Lewis
134 Neurobiology. Biology of nervous systems. From the biophysical basis of neuronal function, through synaptic interactions and signal processing in neural circuits, to behavior, learning, and memory. Examples from both vertebrates and invertebrates. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, plus one Group A course in biology or Psychology 103. (Group B.) Spring. Trimmer
142 Population and Community Ecology. Introduction to population dynamics (population structure and growth), species interactions (predator-prey, competition, mutualism), and community structure (adaptations to the physical environment, patterns and processes governing the world’s biomes). Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14 or equivalent, or consent. (Group C) Fall 2005 and alternate years. Chew
143 Evolutionary Ecology. Theory and evidence on mechanisms of evolutionary change in natural populations. Population genetics, speciation, biogeography, biochemical coevolution, life history strategies, sexual selection, and genetics of endangered species. Prerequisites: Biology 13, 14, 41, or equivalent. (Group C.) Fall 2004 and alternate years. Chew, Orians
144 Principles of Conservation Biology. Learning and application of principles from population ecology, population genetics, and community ecology to the conservation of species and ecosystems. Focus on rare and endangered species, as well as threatened ecosystems. Includes applications from animal behavior, captive breeding, and wildlife management. Readings from current texts and primary literature. Prerequisite: Biology 14 or equivalent. (Group C.) Spring 2005 and alternate years. Reed
152 Biochemistry and Cellular Metabolism. An in-depth examination of the structure and function of biomolecules: chemical and physical properties of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; enzyme kinetics and mechanisms; metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids and the metabolic relationships of organ systems. Three lectures. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and Chemistry 50 or 51. (Group A.) Spring. Feldberg, Gaudette
153 Seminar in Biochemistry. Lectures on selected topics in biochemistry at an advanced level. Prerequisite: Biology 152, or equivalent. (Group A.) Feldberg
162 Molecular Biotechnology. (Cross-listed as Chemical and Biological Engineering 162 and Biomedical Engineering 162.) See Biology 62 for course description. Includes a semester-long technical project and oral presentation. (Group A.) Prerequisite: consent. Kaplan
163 Recombinant DNA Techniques. (Cross-listed as Chemical and Biological Engineering 163 and Biomedical Engineering 163.) This lecture and laboratory course is designed to familiarize the student with methods employed to produce recombinant products. The lectures cover fundamental aspects of the recombinant DNA methodologies used in the laboratory as well as some commercial applications of the techniques. The laboratory provides hands-on experience with the key skills used in genetic engineering including DNA isolation, restriction enzyme mapping, cloning and selection, protein expression, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and related techniques. Cannot be taken for credit if Biology 50 is taken for credit. Prerequisite: consent. Summer. Kaplan
164 Marine Biology. (Cross-listed as Environmental Studies 164.) An intermediate-level introduction to the biology of marine organisms. Following a detailed survey of major marine animal and plant groups, the course will consider aspects of biology that are particularly relevant to marine organisms: adaptation to salinity and temperature fluctuation, bioluminescence and its ecological significance, locomotory mechanics, food-chain dynamics, dispersal and substrate selection, and control of species diversity. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent. (Group C.) Spring. Pechenik
168 Biotechnology Projects Laboratory. (Cross-listed as Biomedical Engineering 168 and Chemical and Biological Engineering 168.) Laboratory experience with techniques in biotechnology processing: fermentation of recombinant E. coli cells, hybridoma cell culture, purification of proteins and antibodies and related analytical procedures. Laboratories accompanied by lectures and relevant readings to cover the underlying principles. Counts as laboratory course for biology major. Prerequisite: consent. Spring. Winkler
169 Seminar in Biotechnology. (Cross-listed as Biomedical Engineering 169 and Chemical and Biological Engineering 169.) Seminar course. Journal articles on current biotechnology-related research are reviewed. Leading researchers in the field present seminars, and students assess future research directions based on in-depth review of articles and presentations. (Group A.) Prerequisite: Biology 62/162. Cochrane
171 Biochemistry I. (Cross-listed as Chemistry 171.) First course in two-course sequence. Chemistry of biological molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, etc. Mechanisms of enzyme and ribozyme catalysis. Metabolic pathways, integrated metabolic systems, and molecular physiology. One course. (Group A.) Prerequisites: Biology 13, Chemistry 52. Fall. Members of the faculty of the chemistry and biology departments
172 Biochemistry II. (Cross-listed as Chemistry 172.) Continuation of Biology 171. One course. (Group A.) Prerequisites: Biology 171. Spring. Members of the faculty of the chemistry and biology departments
174 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering. (Cross-listed as Biomedical Engineering 164 and Chemical and Biological Engineering 164.) Covers synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of organic and inorganic biomaterials and the process of tissue engineering. Fundamental issues related to the utility of biomaterials are explored based on their biocompatability, stability, interfaces, and fate in the body. Clinical applications for biomaterials are explored, as are new directions in design and synthesis to achieve better biocompatibility. Testing methods, regulatory issues, legal constraints, and emerging research directions are also discussed. Prerequisite: consent. Fall. Kaplan, Vunjak
177 Seminar in Inflammation. Study of processes involved in mammalian inflammatory reactions. Reading and discussion of the current literature will be emphasized. Selected topics include leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis, generation of inflammatory agents, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and basic immunologic processes. Prerequisite: consent. (Group A.) Spring. Cochrane
178 Seminar in Immunology. Advanced topics in immunology. Readings and discussion of the current literature emphasized. Topics include antigen presentation. T-cell activation, cytokine release and effects, self- and non-self recognition, and immunopathology of HIV. Prerequisite: Biology 104 and consent. (Group A.) Spring 2004 and alternate years. Berheim
179 Seminar in Marine Biology. Exploration of the primary scientific literature in areas selected by mutual consent. Topics may include symbiotic interactions, migration and dispersal, larval ecology, adult feeding and locomotory biology, responses to pollutants, and physiology of deep-sea animals. Strong focus on developing critical reading skills and effective writing through frequent, short assignments. Prerequisites: junior standing and Biology 164 or consent. (Group C.) Fall 2005 and alternate years. Pechenik
180 Seminar in Conservation Biology. Advanced topics in conservation biology. Readings and discussion of the current literature emphasized. Topics will change each year; example topics are landscape ecology, dynamics and conservation of small populations, and restoration ecology. Prerequisite: Biology 142, or 143, or 144, or consent. (Group C.) Spring 2004 and alternate years. Reed
181 Tropical Ecology and Conservation. Ecology and evolution of biodiversity in the tropics. How human activities change patterns of biodiversity. First-hand experience in contrasting tropical habitats of Costa Rica. Seminar meets 75 minutes once per week. Discussions of original literature; presentations of particular ecosystems, communities, or organisms; team design of research project to be completed during two weeks of intensive fieldwork in December/January in Costa Rica. Funding may be available for those in need. Prerequisites: junior standing, Biology 141, upper-level Group C biology course, and consent. (Group C.) Fall 2005 and alternate years. Orians
182 Seminar in Cell Signaling: Life, Death, and Disease. The importance of cell communication in life (i.e., cancer, stem cells, teratomas), death (apoptosis), and disease (syndromes and developmental anomalies). Students will present and read papers from current literature, design and write a research proposal, and become familiar with principal signal transduction pathways. (Group A.) Prerequisites: Biology 13, 14, and 41 or consent. Spring. McLaughlin
183 Seminar in Darwinian Medicine. The mechanistic vs. evolutionary causes of diseases and modern medical practice. Focus on the evolutionary causes of disease as a means of sharpening research skills and the understanding and application of Darwinian thought. Evolutionary hypothesis creation and testing in both oral and manuscript form. (Group C.) Prerequisite: Biology 130 or consent. Spring. Starks
185 Seminar in Plant Biotechnology. Current topics including use of recombinant DNA to create transgenic plants; growth and physiology of transgenic plants on the environment. Focus on discussion and critical analysis of primary scientific literature. (Group A, B, or C.) Prerequisite: Biology 41 or consent. Fall. Lynch
187 The Mammalian Central Nervous System. Functional organization of the mammalian brain and spinal cord, including cellular structure, functional circuitry and behavioral correlates, and gross anatomy. Emphasis on areas of current research. Two lecture-laboratory/demonstration sessions. May not be applied toward fulfillment of the laboratory requirement in biology. Prerequisites: Biology 13 and 14, or equivalent, junior standing, and consent. (Group B.) Spring. Jacobson
188 Seminar in Molecular Biology and Genetics. Current topics in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell, studied through readings from the original literature. Selected topics include DNA replication; DNA methylation; chromosome imprinting; transcription, processing, and transport of nuclear RNA; translational regulation; homologous recombination "knockouts," and gene therapy. Prerequisites: Biology 41 and junior standing. (Group A.) Fall 2006 and alternate years. Freudenreich
193, 194 Independent Research. At least seventeen hours per week of laboratory or field investigation, which must include independent design of experiments. Students write a summary of research accomplished and give an oral presentation to members of the department. Prerequisites: junior standing, Biology 93 or 94 or equivalent, and prior consent of the course coordinator. Lynch
193T, 194T Senior Honors Thesis. Intensive laboratory or field investigation, including independent design of experiments, a written thesis, and an oral defense. Application is made during the student's sixth semester. Normally, the applicant should have received at least three grades of A toward satisfying the concentration requirements for the biology major and should have a cumulative GPA of at least 3.30. Prerequisites: Biology 193 or equivalent, and prior consent of the course coordinator. Lynch
195, 196 Selected Topics. Exploration of special topics in biology through
seminars or guided individual study. Prerequisite: consent. Credit as arranged (usually
one-half or one course). Members of the department
Graduate Courses
The following courses are primarily for graduate students; undergraduate registration
requires the consent of the instructor.
243 Graduate Seminar in Molecular and Cell Biology. Topics will include protein structure and folding, regulation of gene transcription and structure of transcription factors, structure and function of cell surface receptors and mechanisms of signal transduction, adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell interactions, and mechanisms of genetic recombination. Students will read and present papers from the current literature. Novel experimental techniques used to answer central questions will be emphasized. Prerequisite: Biology 105 or equivalent and consent. (Group A.) Fall. Freudenreich, Fuhrman
244 Graduate Seminar in Evolutionary Ecology. An examination of current topics in evolutionary ecology, including plant-herbivore coevolution, sexual selection, phenotypic plasticity, life-history strategies, and conservation biology. Reading and discussion of primary literature will include focus on experimental methodologies and statistical methods. Prerequisites: Biology 142 or 143, or equivalent, and consent. (Group C.) Spring 2004 and alternate years. Chew, Lewis
291, 292 Graduate Seminar. Presentation of individual reports on basic topics to a seminar group for discussion and criticism. Credit as arranged. Members of the department
293, 294 Special Topics. Guided individual study of an approved topic. Credit as arranged. Members of the department
295, 296 Thesis. Guided research on a topic that has been approved as a suitable subject for a master's thesis. Credit as arranged. Members of the department
297, 298 Graduate Research. Guided research on a topic suitable for a doctoral dissertation. Credit as arranged. Members of the department
401PT Master's Continuation, Part-time.
402FT Master's Continuation, Full-time.
501PT Doctoral Continuation, Part-time.
502FT Doctoral Continuation, Full-time.