Behavior is the observable outcome of all evolutionary history, of all mechanisms, and of all developmental processes. As such, animal behavior is an enormous field.

My research interests focus on a number of topics related to the social biology of honey bees and paper wasps. More generally, however, I am interested in the evolution of
(1) eusociality,
(2) complex cooperative and competitive interactions,
(3) adaptive host responses to pathogens, and
(4) recognition systems.

I am a true believer in the scientific process. Accordingly, when armed with solid hypotheses and testable predictions, I sometimes explore topics tangential to the central themes of my research program.